DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

- Direct yaitu kalimat yang langsung diucapkan oleh si pembicara

- Indirech speech disebut juga Reported speech yaitu kalimat yang tidak langsung
Yang digunakan untuk melaporkan kembali ucapan-ucapan dalam waktu berbeda.

Contoh :
- He said “ I will go to Surabaya tomorrow”
- He said that he would go to Surabaya the following day

STATEMENT

Dalam indirect speech menggunakan kata penghubung that, yang berarti bawah. Jika main clausenya berupa simple present, present perfect atau simple future maka tidak ada perubahan tense dalam indirect speechnya.

Example :
- I am very sory
- He will tell you that he is very sory
- He says to you that he is very sory
- He has told you that he is very sory

Dalam contoh diatas hanya personal pronoun dan perubahan tergantung siapa yang berbicara.
Contoh :
- They say to him, “we ca not do your homework”
They say to him that they can not do his homework.

Jika kalimat induk kalimat langsung (direch speech) dalam bentuk past tense, maka kalimat tak langsung( indirech speech ) mengalami perubahan tense sebagai berikut

Direct Indirech
Simple present tense Simple past tense
Present continuous tense Past continuous tense
Present perfect tense Past perfect tense
Present perfect continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense
Simple past tense Past perfect tense
Past continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense
Past perfect tense Past perfect tense
Past perfect continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense
Simple future tense Simple past future tense
Future continuous tense Past future continuous tense
Future perfect tense Past future perfect tense
Future perfect continuous tense Past future perfect continuous tense

Perubahan auxiliary verb :

Am/is/are Was/were
Will/shall Would/should
Can Could
May Might
Have to/has to Had to
must Had to

QUESTION
bila pertanyaan langsung menggunakan yes/no question, maka penghubungnya menggunakan if atau whether, yang berarti “apakah”. Dalam reported speech yang terletak setelah if atau whether adalah affirmative sentence (kalimat berita) yang diawali dengan subjek, bukan auxiliary.
Contoh :
- Ani asked me if “Are you John?”
Ani asked me if I was John
- He asked her, “Have you done you work?”
He asked her if she had done homework.
COMMAND
Command di bagi menjadi dua, yaitu nominal dan verbal. Masing-masing dibagi lagi menjadi positif dan negatif
Contoh :
- Mother asked, :Please, be careful Asri!”
Mother asked Asri to be careful
- He asked them, “ don’t be lazy!”
He ask them not not to be lazy